Copyright

Copyright is the exclusive right of the author of a literary, scientific or artistic work or his successors in title to communicate that work to the public and to reproduce it, subject to the limitations laid down by the law. 
A copyright last for life plus 70 years for individuals for anything made on or after 1978.
A copyright lasts for 95 years for corporate authors after publication for anything on or after 1978. (It is 120 years after creation if not published.)
Works published before 1978 and after 1923 are protected for 95 years.
Music and Sound Recordings are subject to a copyright term of only 50 years from the end of the calendar year in which the track was recorded.

 

Music Piracy

• DRM (Digital Rights Management) - is a class of technologies that are used by  hardware manufacturers, publishers, copyright holders, and individuals with the intent to control the use of digital content and devices after sale With First-generation DRM software, the intent is to control copying; With Second-generation DRM, the intent is to control viewing, copying, printing and altering of works or devices.
• Creative Commons - is a company that allows you to share your creativity with the rest of the world, it helps develop, support and stewards legal technical infrastructure that maximizes digital creativity, sharing and innovation. Allowing users to use their own copyright licences known as creative commons licences.  
• Agreement between BPI and six major UK internet providers to caution illegal downloads - In 2008 BPI stuck a deal with six major UK internet providers to try and stop people from illegally downloading files. You would receive a warning then 3 strikes and you're out. However not all internet providers agreed, for example TalkTalk decided to opt out because 80% of young users said they would still do it regardless. Furthermore you only have to be accused and not found guilty to get a strike. 
• The Digital Economy Bill - This bill allows the courts to demand that ISP's cut off broadband service from alleged downloaders. This is controversial because you only have to be accused 3 times and not proven guilty in a court for copyright infringement.
•  Prosecution of Pirate Bay in April 2009 -The Pirate Bay is a website that provides torrent files and peer to peer file sharing founded in Sweden in 2003. On 31st May 2006 the police raided The Pirate Bay in 12 premises and confiscated 186 servers which cause the site to go down for 3 days. When it re opened the consumers doubled due to the media coverage. The founders were put on trial and were charged with facilitating illegal downloading of copyrighted material and were found guilty. They were sentenced to a year in Prison and a fine of 30 million SEk (€2.7m). In some countries the ISP's have been ordered to block access to the site. 
• New bundles developed with sky etc to include music downloads in a subscription to include broadband, tv etc - Virgin were the first to create bundles with everything i.e. broadband, TV, Landlines etc. Other providers followed including Sky who wanted to include music downloads or Virgin when they have Music on demand. However record companies say that it benefits the providers rather than the company. Theres a debate on when teens grow up will they pay for a package deal or will they just have broadband and illegally download everything else? Its a controversial matter. 
• Ad-sponsored legal free streaming sites (spotify) - Sites have been set up which enable legal music streaming  and are sponsored by adverts which is free to use. Although sites like spotify have unlimited plays it enables consumers to listen to free music proceeded by an advert. Another site is Spiral Frog which provided free and legal downloads which were supported by advertising until it was taken down due to outstanding loans. 
• Earlier release dates - Record companies used to release new music 6 weeks in advance on radio before a format in which people could buy. Now many songs/ albums are released on the same day in which it is played on the radio (i.e. Beyonce releasing her album with no marketing which was played on the radio and could be downloaded on the same day) this is to limit illegal downloads because its the hope that it stops people wanting the album so bad they don't want to wait for the release date and so illegally download it when they can get it quickly by paying. 

Marketing Strategy in the Music Industry

Although the music industry has millions of hungry customers the record companies are in big trouble. Since the 1980's the record companies have been in trouble but now the crisis is worse than ever. This is because they are marketing their product wrongly. All the major record companies- EMI, Warner, Sony etc- have failed in the transition from vinyl to CD and then from the transition of CD to digital format. In the 1980's during the transition from vinyl to CD the record companies made their first big mistake in pricing the CD too expensive - as they still are now. Setting the price of the CD at £12-£15 was too expensive for their customers to buy and so they were pushed away. If the prices were set lower then they would have sold millions of more albums and in turn increased their total revenue. Also putting these CD's with 12-15 songs of which only 2 or 3 are any good was another mistake. Selling songs as single or in a more compact CD of only 4 or 5 songs and priced lower would have achieved more buyers. The composer and artist of the songs got barely anything from the amount of money the record companies were making, considering each album cost about 30 pence to create and were being sold at more than 30 times that price.
The successful company in all this is Apple iTunes of whom sell singles at a reasonable price and albums at half of what physical copies were being sold for. this has racked up iTunes sells to 25 billion. The biggest mistake for record companies was marketing the music as if it was not an art and that it was just another product. The record companies told the musicians what to make and so they made it - this is why most music nowadays sucks compare to that of Queen who made their music because they wanted to. According to the record companies what they say will sell more than music that is made from passion and is inspirational.

How has the credit crunch sped up the natural development of the music industry?

The credit crunch meant that lots of people were depressed and had little money and so they could not afford the escapism they needed. For the people who were affected by the credit crunch the greatest escapism would be music however new albums were to expensive to buy. So using the internet people were able to download singles instead of buying a whole album which proved very cost effective for the consumer. Furthermore, buying albums via download was much cheaper than a physical copy. Most people would want to listen to fun energetic music so that they can get away from life's problems. An artist that benefitted in the music industry from the credit crunch was The Gorrilaz. The Gorillaz, being a cartoon band, would find it difficult to do live performances and therefore went down the route of digitally distributing music more so than physical copies. People went mad for the singles that they bought out and so there sells rocketed on downloads as people were able to buy the songs singly.  With more and more artists taking advantage of single sells, digital downloads have become very popular with consumers and have quickly pushed physical copies away.

The jilts - Marketing Strategy

To promote The jilts they will need to be available to audiences across as many media outlets as possible.TV-

•  Jonathan Ross Show- Late night show so not many restrictions on what can be said and done. Also they will be able to give a live show to a large audience.

• Later with Jools Holland- On very late and has a big audience and can give live performances with Jools Holland who is very respected in the music industry.

• Graham Norton Show- Late night show which has a large audience can perform live and promote album.

 Radio-

•  Radio 1- Broadcasted nationwide so big audience, especially if broadcasted at peak times. 

Ads-

• Etsy-Etsy is an e-commerce website focused on handmade or vintage items, supplies, as well as unique factory-manufactured items under Etsy's new guidelines.

YouTube-

• Create YouTube page to interact with and  communicate with fans- can advertise new songs and albums and give fans a one to one experience.

Websites-

• twitter- talk to fans and let them know what you are doing so that they feel as if they are part of their life- can also promote music and albums.
• Facebook- Promote music and interact with fans.
• Own Website- Basic design that has an artistic edge, can promote latest music and albums and is easy for the user to navigate to what they want i.e merchandise, twitter pages and YouTube channel etc.

Fashion- 

• Levi clothing range well known and popular amongst the indie audience. 
• Girl can create own dress range.

Touring-

• Small intimate venues which can still hold a large audience.

Collaborations-

• Andrew VanWyngarden- from the indie band MGMT can promote both artists.
• Gringly Man- on tour with now. 

Unique Selling Point-

• If you pre-order an album then you will get a signed copy.
• All in uniformed clothes except from girl who will be highlighted by wearing a contrasting colour.

Synergy and Convergence

Synergy is when two or more companies/organisations come together to create linked products to promote each others products. For example a film like Star Wars has teamed up with many other companies to produce extra merchandise like toys and games.
In the music industry artist and their record labels will co-produce with other companies to increase profits and to increase their advertisement. For example many bands and artists will co-produce with t-shirt companies to create t-shirts with their logo on. The t-shirt company gets a percentage of the profits and the artists get a percentage of the profits along with advertisement and also helps them communicate with their fans.

Convergence is when one device which used to have one sole purpose e.g. xbox playing video games. But now these devices have adopted other functions so that they appeal more to their customers. Devices such as an xbox are now able to surf the internet, watch films, stream movies and also play video games every now and then.

The jilts Record Deal

Band: The jilts

The Deal:

10 year label deal with guaranteed 6 Albums. And 1 tour a year in which advertisement and venues are payed for and you receive 8% of all profits earned.

Royalties:

Starts at 9% for every record sold, in Stores.

7% for every album sold on iTunes.

1.7% for every song sold on iTunes.

Bonus 0.5% for every song, written by themselves, if it turns out 10,000 sales.

Bonus 5% if a song makes it into the Top 50 and 1.5% if the song makes it to Top 250.

Royalties can be reduced if the band does not turn up to work, without good reason.

Payment does not begin until advance has been met.

Advance:

The band will receive a £25,000 advance, however they will not begin receiving royalties until the advance has been met.

Reserve Against Returns:

Unsold stock can be returned for 66.2%. ANY returned stock will require a 0.1% fee from the band to partially reimburse the company for their loss.

P D M E C R

People
Don't
Mind
Eating
Chocolate
Rabbits

Production                       Institution
Distribution                     Institution
Marketing                       Institution
Exchange/Exhibition      Institution
Consumption                  Audience
Reception                       Audience